Urinary System Pathologies Practice Test

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• What information does a kidney biopsy provide that influences patient management?
• Uremia is best defined as...
• In infants, which signs are commonly associated with urinary tract infections such as pyelonephritis?
• Difficult or painful urination.
• Define oliguria and anuria by urine output and describe their clinical significance in acute kidney injury.
• Which term describes excessive urination?
• Which statement BEST describes nephritic syndrome?
• What histologic pattern is characteristic of membranous nephropathy?
• What ultrasound finding is typical of hydronephrosis?
• What class of drug is preferred initially to reduce proteinuria in chronic kidney disease?
• Which histologic lesion is most characteristic of hypertensive nephrosclerosis?
• Which term describes a malignant tumor of the kidney that occurs in young children?
• Which term refers to urinary leakage that may occur without relation to physical activity?
• Which term describes difficulty initiating urination?
• In CKD, which condition increases the risk of AKI when using ACE inhibitors or ARBs?
• Which mechanism best describes prerenal AKI?
• Urine pH is related to stone formation: which statement is true?
• Which term describes reduced urine production?
• How do non-contrast CT and ultrasound contribute to kidney stone evaluation?
• What is the primary functional unit of the kidney?
• Inflammation of the bladder is called?
• Inflammation of both the renal pelvis and the kidney.
• Which strategy helps minimize nephrotoxicity from medications?
• Which of the following is an indication for renal replacement therapy?
• Genetic disorder characterized by the growth of numerous fluid-filled cysts in the kidney is known as which condition?
• Which statement describes the paraneoplastic phenomenon Stauffer syndrome in renal cell carcinoma?
• Which condition is defined by very high protein in urine and low blood protein due to glomerular damage?
• What acid-base disturbance is most common in CKD and why?
• Which factors are used in estimating the eGFR?
• What is the typical presenting symptom of bladder cancer?
• Which term describes a kidney stone that is also called a renal calculus?
• Which feature is NOT typically a feature of nephrotic syndrome?
• Which dipstick parameter is used to detect leukocyte esterase in urine?
• Urinary problem caused by interference with the normal nerve pathways associated with urination.
• Which term denotes a stone located anywhere along the ureter?
• Which two nephrotoxic agents are most commonly linked to acute kidney injury, with a general preventive strategy of hydration and limiting exposure/monitoring?
• Which immunosuppressive drugs constitute the core therapy for renal transplant recipients?
• Which dipstick parameter is most specific for indicating a urinary tract infection?
• Which term denotes reduced plasma protein levels?
• Which statement about CKD stages is correct?
• Which finding supports post-renal obstruction due to BPH?
• What is the medical specialist who diagnoses and treats diseases of the kidney called?
• An abnormal opening between the bladder and vagina that allows the constant flow of urine from the bladder into the vagina.
• What distinguishes a simple renal cyst from a polycystic kidney disease cyst on imaging?
• Suppuration (formation or discharge of pus) of the kidney is called which term?
• Which are the phases of acute tubular necrosis and a characteristic urine finding during the maintenance phase?
• Which term describes a progressive loss of kidney function that may lead to uremia?
• Which feature is hallmark of nephritic syndrome?
• A hernia of the bladder through the vaginal wall, also known as 'fallen bladder'.
• Inability to control the voiding of urine is described as?
• For suspected renal colic, which imaging modality is preferred, and which findings support stone disease?
• Which term denotes enlargement of the prostate gland that is not cancer?
• Which finding is more typical of nephritic syndrome than nephrotic syndrome?
• Which of the following is a hallmark of nephrotic syndrome?
• Which presentation is typical of pyelonephritis?
• During the maintenance phase of acute tubular necrosis, which urine finding is most typical?
• What stone prevention strategy increases urinary citrate to help inhibit stone formation?
• How does pregnancy influence susceptibility to urinary tract infections and what preventive measure is often recommended?
• What type of stones are associated with Proteus infection and urease production, and what is their typical appearance?
• Hyperphosphatemia in CKD contributes to bone disease through which mechanism?
• Which paraneoplastic phenomenon is classically associated with renal cell carcinoma and involves non-metastatic hepatic dysfunction?
• Abnormal enlargement of the prostate gland that occurs most often in men over age 50, making urination difficult.
• Which condition refers to distension of the renal pelvis typically due to upstream blockage?
• Which term describes the discharge of blood from the ureter?
• Which of the following are commonly used to acutely lower serum potassium in hyperkalemia?
• Besides the bladder, urothelial carcinoma can also occur in which locations?
• Which glomerular changes are characteristic of diabetic nephropathy?
• Which term refers to a stone located in the urinary bladder?
• Inability to empty the bladder is called?
• Which term describes a kidney stone?
• Which imaging finding most strongly suggests post-renal obstruction as the AKI cause?
• What is the classic histology pattern seen in diabetic nephropathy?
• Which urinary incontinence type is caused by detrusor overactivity?
• What is the standard emergent management for hyperkalemia in kidney failure?
• White blood cell casts in urine are most indicative of which process?
• Which nephron segment concentrates urine in response to antidiuretic hormone?
• Excessive urination during the night.
• Inflammation of the prostate gland.
• Which term refers to the distention of the ureter with urine that cannot flow because the ureter is blocked?
• Which imaging modality is often used first to assess obstruction causing AKI?
• How does vesicoureteral reflux contribute to renal injury in children?
• Which is a common etiology of acute glomerulonephritis?
• A common cause of acute interstitial nephritis and a supporting urinalysis finding is?
• Which condition is the dilation of one or both kidneys?
• Red blood cell casts in urine are most indicative of which process?
• Which term indicates increased urine production?
• In acute kidney injury, which acid-base disturbance is commonly observed?
• In the context of urinary tract infections, which urinalysis finding combination supports infection?
• What is the most common way renal cell carcinoma is detected?
• Which term describes heavy protein loss in urine with low plasma protein due to glomerular damage?
• Which condition is inflammation of the kidney and the renal pelvis?
• Which physician specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases of the urinary system and the male genitourinary tract?
• In suspected acute kidney injury, which sequence of assessment steps is appropriate?
• Renal cell carcinoma may present with which combination of signs?
• Leakage of urine during physical activity such as coughing or sneezing is best described as?
• Which condition refers to inflammation of the renal pelvis only?
• If contrast-enhanced CT cannot be used, which imaging modality is preferred to evaluate a suspected RCC?
• Which term describes symptoms resulting from urethral obstruction due to benign prostatic hypertrophy?
• Polycystic kidney disease is typically associated with which inheritance pattern and imaging feature?
• Which statement accurately describes the use of FENa in differentiating prerenal from intrinsic AKI, considering diuretic effects?
• An eGFR of 38 mL/min/1.73 m2 corresponds to which CKD stage?
• Leakage with a sudden urge to urinate is characteristic of which condition?
• What lab pattern supports prerenal AKI?
• Nephrotic syndrome is a condition characterized by very high levels of protein lost in urine and abnormally low levels of protein in the blood due to glomerular damage.
• Which is a common complication of chronic kidney disease?
• Urothelial carcinoma is most commonly located in the bladder and is typically what histologic type?
• What is the most common pediatric nephrotic syndrome and its typical treatment?
• Infections that usually begin in the bladder but can affect all or parts of the urinary system are called what?
• Which statement about BUN and creatinine as markers of kidney function is correct?
• Inflammation of the urethra is called?
• How does IgA nephropathy typically present and what is a key histologic feature?
• Which statement about analgesic nephropathy is accurate?
• Urinary incontinence during sleep, also known as bed wetting.
• Which of the following best describes ATN urine findings?
• What is the most important step in preventing contrast-induced nephropathy in high-risk patients?
• What is the recommended management for asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy?
• Which kidney stone type is most closely associated with infection by urease-producing bacteria and alkaline urine?
• Which condition is described as a degenerative kidney disease causing nephritic syndrome without inflammation?
• Acidic urine favors which types of stones?
• Narrowing of the urethra, often associated with prostate enlargement.
• A symptom complex resulting from compression or obstruction of the urethra due to benign prostatic hypertrophy.
• Which condition leads to lipid casts and oval fat bodies in urine?
• What pattern is described as 'full house' on immunofluorescence and with which disease is it most associated?
• In pregnancy with recurrent UTIs, what preventive measure is often recommended?
• Difficulty starting a urinary stream is known as?
• Which term denotes the distention of the ureter?
• Which renal tumor is most common in adults?
• Which statement about anemia in chronic kidney disease is accurate?
• What laboratory finding is commonly seen after an infection in acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis?
• What is the clinical use of the urine protein-to-creatinine ratio?
• Urinary tract infections typically begin in the bladder.
• Which imaging modality is most sensitive for detecting radiolucent kidney stones?
• What term refers to an abnormal mineral deposit formed within the body, named for the organ or tissue where they are located?
• Pain in the urinary bladder.
• Which term describes a stone in the ureter?
• Which physician specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases of the urinary system and male genitourinary structures?
• Which statement accurately describes the presentation of scleroderma renal crisis?
• Hydronephrosis on imaging is most indicative of which type of AKI?
• Inability of one or both kidneys to perform their functions is termed what?
• What is the most common location for urothelial carcinoma?
• Which electrolyte abnormalities are commonly seen in end-stage kidney disease?
• How do azotemia and uremia differ clinically?
• Which statement best describes the prognostic significance of proteinuria in chronic kidney disease?
• How do systemic diseases such as scleroderma and lupus affect the kidneys?
• How is diabetic kidney disease monitored using urine tests?
• Which term is the inflammatory condition of the prostate gland?
• Which urinary indices favor ATN over prerenal AKI?
• What is the standard imaging modality for evaluating a renal mass suspected to be RCC?
• In medical terms, inflammation of kidney tissue most often due to infection or autoimmune process is called what?
• What are the typical clinical features of acute pyelonephritis?
• Urine findings typical of glomerular disease with nephritic syndrome include which of the following?
• Hematuria with red blood cell casts and mild proteinuria most strongly suggests disease in which renal structure?
• What is the effect of ACE inhibitors or ARBs on diabetic nephropathy?
• Which term describes distention of the pelvis of the kidney?
• Vesicoureteral reflux is best described as retrograde flow of urine during voiding. In children, this can lead to which consequences?
• Macroscopic urinalysis includes which of the following?
• Which term refers to abnormally low concentrations of protein in the blood?
• What is the term for a stone located within the urinary bladder?
• Inability to control the excretion of urine and feces is called?
• Which imaging finding most strongly supports post-renal obstruction due to bladder outlet obstruction?
• Which term denotes a bladder condition with detrusor overactivity causing urgency and possible leakage?
• Inability to control voiding under physical stress such as running or coughing is called?
• What extrarenal manifestations are common in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD)?
• Which term is a cancer of the prostate?
• Which of the following is an indication to start renal replacement therapy in AKI?
• What is the inherited kidney condition characterized by multiple fluid-filled cysts replacing normal tissue?
• Struvite stones are composed of which minerals?
• Which findings are characteristic of nephrotic syndrome?
• Which term is used for a bladder prolapse through the vaginal wall?
• Which term is used for a stone located in the ureter?
• Which factor most strongly influences the BUN concentration aside from kidney function?
• Prolapse of a kidney, also known as 'floating kidney', is called which term?
• Name two major CKD complications and their pathophysiology.
• Calcium oxalate stones are the most common type of kidney stone. Which risk factor is most closely associated with calcium oxalate stone formation?
• Which statement correctly identifies a major risk factor for bladder cancer?
• Which change best explains how long-standing hypertension contributes to chronic kidney disease progression?
• Which disease is primarily associated with foot-process effacement on electron microscopy and normal light microscopy?
• Which condition is inflammation of the kidney or kidneys, commonly due to infection or autoimmune disease?
• What is a vesical diverticulum and what complications may arise?
• Inflammation of the renal pelvis is called?
• Why does hyperkalemia occur in CKD, and what are some treatment steps?
• Which description best matches analgesic nephropathy pathophysiology?
• Nephritic syndrome is typically associated with which diseases?
• Which of the following represents typical clinical and laboratory features of lupus nephritis?
• Which lab pattern best suggests pre-renal AKI rather than intrinsic AKI?
• Which statement best describes the purpose of a kidney biopsy in glomerular disease?
• What lipid-related urine finding is typical of nephrotic syndrome?
• Outline a practical differential diagnosis approach to AKI in a hospitalized patient.
• Which scenario best represents pre-renal acute kidney injury?
• Which class of medications is preferred initially to reduce proteinuria in chronic kidney disease?
• What histologic feature is typical of chronic hypertension-related nephrosclerosis?
• Which disease is inflammation of the glomeruli that causes red blood cells and protein to leak into the urine?
• Outline the major types of renal transplant rejection and the common immunosuppressive therapy used.
• One of the most common cancers among men.
• In pregnancy, what is the recommended management of urinary tract infections?
• What are the leading global causes of chronic kidney disease?
• What is a common paraneoplastic syndrome associated with renal cell carcinoma (RCC)?
• Detrusor muscle overactivity with urinary frequency, urgency, and sudden urge to urinate describes which condition?
• Which combination of imaging and proteinuria features helps differentiate nephrotic syndrome from nephritic syndrome?
• Any degenerative kidney disease causing nephritic syndrome without inflammation.
• Which statement correctly describes the acid-base disturbances seen in chronic kidney disease and the compensatory mechanisms?
• Which term describes scanty urination?
• Which of the following is NOT typical of nephrotic syndrome?
• Prerenal AKI is best defined as which of the following?
• Which statement best describes the biopsy finding commonly seen in acute renal allograft rejection?
• Which statement accurately differentiates ischemic ATN from nephrotoxic ATN?
• Which term describes inflammation of the kidney tissue specifically involving the glomeruli, resulting in leakage of red blood cells and protein into the urine?
• Excessive fluid in the body tissues.
• Presence of red blood cell casts in urine indicates which source of bleeding?
• In CKD, anemia is primarily due to decreased production of which hormone?
• Which term describes the condition of having a stone in the ureter?
• A sudden onset condition characterized by uremia that can be fatal if not reversed promptly.
• Which condition describes a fistulous connection between the bladder and vagina that allows urine to pass directly into the vagina?
• Progressive loss of renal function caused by conditions such as kidney disease, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension.
• Which statement best differentiates acute pyelonephritis from chronic pyelonephritis?
• Involuntary discharge of urine.
• What is a distinguishing feature of peritoneal dialysis compared with hemodialysis?
• Which statement about ACE inhibitors or ARBs in diabetic nephropathy is false?
• Increased output of urine.
• Hydronephrosis is best described as what mechanism?
• What is the classic triad of renal cell carcinoma, and why is it not commonly present?
• In ADPKD, which extrarenal anomaly is associated with an increased risk of subarachnoid hemorrhage?
• Which condition is characterized by a sudden, unstoppable urge to urinate with leakage?
• An acute pain in the kidney area caused by blockage during the passage of a kidney stone is called what?
• Which term describes the presence of stones in the kidney?
• Which finding is most characteristic of acute glomerulonephritis on urinalysis?
• Which term describes the presence of abnormally high concentrations of protein in the urine?
• What are the two most common types of kidney stones and their primary risk factors?
• Which statement best describes chronic rejection in kidney transplantation?
• Bleeding from the urethra.
• Acute interstitial nephritis is most commonly caused by drug-induced hypersensitivity and presents with which combination of findings?
• What is the term for a stone found in the kidney, also known as renal calculus?
• Which quartet best defines nephrotic syndrome?
• Which statement about microalbuminuria as a screening marker for diabetic nephropathy is most accurate?
• What is an early screening marker for diabetic nephropathy?
• Absence of urine formation by the kidneys.